Program to take user's name as input and display a welcome message
# Taking input from the user
name = input("Enter your name: ")
# Displaying message
print("Hi", name + ", welcome to Python programming class")
Variable program in Python
# Assigning values to variables
name = "Saubhagya"
age = 21
height= 5.10
# Displaying the values
print("Name:", name)
print("Age:", age)
print("height:", height)
# Using string concatenation
print("Hi " + name + ", you are " + str(age) + " years old and your height is " + str(height)+ ".")
Program to demonstrate Dynamic Typing in Python
# Variable initially holds an integer
x = 10
print("Value of x:", x, "| Type of x:", type(x))
# Now assign a string to the same variable
x = "Hello"
print("Value of x:", x, "| Type of x:", type(x))
# Now assign a float to the same variable
x = 3.14
print("Value of x:", x, "| Type of x:", type(x))
# Now assign a boolean to the same variable
x = True
print("Value of x:", x, "| Type of x:", type(x))
Python program using input and output.
# Taking input
name = input("Enter your name: ")
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
# Producing output
print(f"Hello {name}, you are {age} years old.")
print("Hello{}, you are{} years old.".format(name, age))
#Old-style formatting
print("Hello %s, you are %d years old." % (name, age))
Program to demonstrate Numeric Data Types and Methods in Python
import math # for mathematical functions
import cmath # for complex number functions
# Integer
a = 25
print("a =", a, "| Type:", type(a))
print("Absolute value of a:", abs(a))
print("Binary of a:", bin(a))
print("Octal of a:", oct(a))
print("Hexadecimal of a:", hex(a))
print("-" * 40)
# Float
b = -7.5
print("b =", b, "| Type:", type(b))
print("Absolute value of b:", abs(b))
print("Rounded value of b:", round(b))
print("Ceil of b:", math.ceil(b))
print("Floor of b:", math.floor(b))
print("Square root of 16:", math.sqrt(16))
print("-" * 40)
# Complex
c = 3 + 4j
print("c =", c, "| Type:", type(c))
print("Real part:", c.real)
print("Imaginary part:", c.imag)
print("Conjugate of c:", c.conjugate())
print("Magnitude of c:", abs(c))
print("Phase of c:", cmath.phase(c))
print("-" * 40)
# Type Conversion
x = 10.75
print("x =", x, "| Type:", type(x))
print("Convert float to int:", int(x))
print("Convert int to float:", float(a))
print("Convert int to complex:", complex(a))
Program to demonstrate Boolean Data Type in Python
# Boolean variables
a = True
b = False
print("a =", a, "| Type:", type(a))
print("b =", b, "| Type:", type(b))
Program to demonstrate String Data Type in Python
# Creating strings
str1 = "Hello"
str2 = 'Saubhagya'
str3 = """Welcome to the
1st
Python Programming Class"""
print("str1 =", str1, "| Type:", type(str1))
print("str2 =", str2, "| Type:", type(str2))
print("str3 =", str3, "| Type:", type(str3))
print("-" * 50)
# String concatenation
full_str = str1 + " " + str2
print("Concatenation:", full_str)
# String repetition
repeat_str = str1 * 3
print("Repetition:", repeat_str)
# Accessing characters
print("First character of str2:", str2[0])
print("Last character of str2:", str2[-1])
# String slicing
print("First 3 characters of str2:", str2[:3])
print("Characters from index 1 to 4 of str2:", str2[1:7:2])
print("-" * 50)
# String methods
sample = " python programming "
print("Original String:", sample)
print("Uppercase:", sample.upper())
print("Lowercase:", sample.lower())
print("Title Case:", sample.title())
print("Strip spaces:", sample.strip())
print("Replace 'python' with 'Java':", sample.replace("python", "Java"))
print("Split into words:", sample.split())
print("Does string start with 'py'? :", sample.strip().startswith("py"))
print("Does string end with 'ing'? :", sample.strip().endswith("ing"))
print("Count of 'm':", sample.count("m"))
print("Length of sample:", len(sample))
Program to demonstrate List Data Type and Methods in Python
# Creating lists
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple"]
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
mixed = [1, "hello", 3.14, True]
print("Fruits List:", fruits)
print("Numbers List:", numbers)
print("Mixed List:", mixed)
print("-" * 50)
# Accessing elements
print("First fruit:", fruits[0])
print("Last number:", numbers[-1])
print("Slice fruits[1:3]:", fruits[1:3])
print("-" * 50)
# Adding elements
fruits.append("orange") # add at end
print("After append:", fruits)
fruits.insert(1, "grape") # insert at index
print("After insert:", fruits)
fruits.extend(["mango", "kiwi"]) # add multiple
print("After extend:", fruits)
print("-" * 50)
# Removing elements
fruits.remove("apple") # remove first occurrence
print("After remove 'apple':", fruits)
popped = fruits.pop() # remove last element
print("Popped element:", popped)
print("After pop:", fruits)
popped_index = fruits.pop(2) # remove by index
print("Popped element at index 2:", popped_index)
print("After pop at index 2:", fruits)
del fruits[0] # delete element at index
print("After del fruits[0]:", fruits)
fruits.clear() # remove all elements
print("After clear:", fruits)
print("-" * 50)
# Recreating fruits list
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple"]
# Searching elements
print("Index of 'banana':", fruits.index("banana"))
print("Count of 'apple':", fruits.count("apple"))
print("-" * 50)
# Sorting and Reversing
numbers = [50, 10, 30, 40, 20]
print("Original numbers:", numbers)
numbers.sort()
print("Sorted ascending:", numbers)
numbers.sort(reverse=True)
print("Sorted descending:", numbers)
numbers.reverse()
print("After reverse:", numbers)
print("-" * 50)
# Copying lists
copy_list = numbers.copy()
print("Copied list:", copy_list)
# Using list() constructor
new_list = list(("x", "y", "z"))
print("New list from constructor:", new_list)
print("-" * 50)
# Looping through list
print("Looping through numbers:")
for n in numbers:
print(n, end=" ")
print("\n" + "-" * 50)
# List comprehension
squares = [x**2 for x in range(1, 6)]
print("Squares using list comprehension:", squares)
# Filtering using list comprehension
even_numbers = [x for x in numbers if x % 2 == 0]
print("Even numbers from numbers list:", even_numbers)
print("-" * 50)
# Nested lists
nested = [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]
print("Nested list:", nested)
print("Access nested element [1][0]:", nested[1][0])
Program to demonstrate Tuple Data Type in Python
# Creating tuples
cars = ("BMW", "Audi", "Tesla", "Toyota", "Honda", "BMW")
print("Cars Tuple:", cars)
print("Type of cars:", type(cars))
print("-" * 50)
# Accessing elements
print("First car:", cars[0])
print("Last car:", cars[-1])
print("Slice cars[1:4]:", cars[1:4])
print("-" * 50)
# Searching in tuple
print("Index of Tesla:", cars.index("Tesla"))
print("Count of BMW:", cars.count("BMW"))
print("-" * 50)
# Looping through tuple
print("Looping through cars:")
for car in cars:
print(car)
print("-" * 50)
# Tuple length
print("Number of cars:", len(cars))
print("-" * 50)
# Membership test
print("Is 'Audi' in cars?", "Audi" in cars)
print("Is 'Ford' not in cars?", "Ford" not in cars)
print("-" * 50)
# Nesting tuples
brands = ("Ford", "Chevrolet")
all_cars = (cars, brands)
print("Nested Tuple:", all_cars)
print("Access nested element [1][0]:", all_cars[1][0])
print("-" * 50)
# Tuple concatenation
more_cars = ("Jaguar", "Lamborghini")
new_tuple = cars + more_cars
print("After concatenation:", new_tuple)
# Tuple repetition
repeat_tuple = ("BMW",) * 3
print("Repeated tuple:", repeat_tuple)
print("-" * 50)
# Converting tuple to list (to modify)
car_list = list(cars)
car_list.append("Mercedes") # add new car
car_list.remove("Tesla") # remove a car
print("Modified car list:", car_list)
# Converting back to tuple
cars = tuple(car_list)
print("Modified cars tuple:", cars)
print("-" * 50)
# Unpacking tuple
car1, car2, car3, car4, car5, car6 = ("BMW", "Audi", "Tesla", "Toyota", "Honda", "Ford")
print("Unpacked values:")
print("Car1:", car1)
print("Car2:", car2)
print("Car3:", car3)
print("Car4:", car4)
print("Car5:", car5)
print("Car6:", car6)
print("-" * 50)
# Tuple with one element
single = ("BMW",)
print("Single element tuple:", single, "| Type:", type(single))
not_tuple = ("BMW") # without comma, it's just a string
print("Without comma:", not_tuple, "| Type:", type(not_tuple))
Program to demonstrate Dictionary Data Type in Python
# Creating dictionary
car = {
"brand": "Tesla",
"model": "Model S",
"year": 2022,
"color": "Red"
}
print("Car Dictionary:", car)
print("Type of car:", type(car))
print("-" * 50)
# Accessing items
print("Brand:", car["brand"])
print("Model:", car.get("model")) # safer way
print("-" * 50)
# Changing values
car["year"] = 2023
car["color"] = "Black"
print("After update:", car)
print("-" * 50)
# Adding items
car["price"] = 80000
print("After adding price:", car)
print("-" * 50)
# Removing items
car.pop("color") # remove key
print("After pop color:", car)
removed = car.popitem() # remove last key-value
print("Popped item:", removed)
print("After popitem:", car)
del car["model"] # delete specific key
print("After del model:", car)
car.clear() # remove all items
print("After clear:", car)
print("-" * 50)
# Re-create dictionary
car = {
"brand": "BMW",
"model": "X5",
"year": 2021
}
# Dictionary methods
print("Keys:", car.keys())
print("Values:", car.values())
print("Items:", car.items())
print("-" * 50)
# Looping through dictionary
print("Looping through keys:")
for key in car.keys():
print(key)
print("Looping through values:")
for value in car.values():
print(value)
print("Looping through key-value pairs:")
for key, value in car.items():
print(key, ":", value)
print("-" * 50)
# Copy dictionary
new_car = car.copy()
print("Copied dictionary:", new_car)
# Using dict() constructor
another_car = dict(brand="Audi", model="Q7", year=2020)
print("Created with dict():", another_car)
print("-" * 50)
# Nested dictionary
garage = {
"car1": {"brand": "Ford", "model": "Mustang", "year": 1967},
"car2": {"brand": "Tesla", "model": "Model 3", "year": 2023},
"car3": {"brand": "Toyota", "model": "Corolla", "year": 2019}
}
print("Garage Dictionary:", garage)
print("Access car2 model:", garage["car2"]["model"])
print("-" * 50)
# Setdefault() method
car = {"brand": "Jaguar"}
car.setdefault("color", "White") # adds key if not present
print("After setdefault:", car)
print("-" * 50)
# Update() method (merge dictionaries)
car.update({"model": "F-Pace", "year": 2024})
print("After update:", car)
print("-" * 50)
# Fromkeys() method
keys = ["brand", "model", "year"]
default_car = dict.fromkeys(keys, "Unknown")
print("Dictionary from keys:", default_car)
Program to demonstrate Set Data Type and its methods
# Creating a set
cars = {"Tesla", "BMW", "Audi", "Ford"}
print("Original Set:", cars)
print("Type:", type(cars))
print("-" * 50)
# Adding elements
cars.add("Jaguar")
print("After add:", cars)
# Update set with multiple elements
cars.update(["Mercedes", "Toyota"])
print("After update:", cars)
print("-" * 50)
# Removing elements
cars.remove("Ford") # Removes element, error if not present
print("After remove Ford:", cars)
cars.discard("Lamborghini") # No error if not found
print("After discard Lamborghini (not present):", cars)
popped = cars.pop() # Removes a random element
print("Popped element:", popped)
print("After pop:", cars)
cars.clear() # Remove all elements
print("After clear:", cars)
print("-" * 50)
# Re-create sets for operations
set1 = {"Tesla", "BMW", "Audi", "Toyota"}
set2 = {"BMW", "Mercedes", "Audi", "Jaguar"}
# Union
print("Union:", set1.union(set2))
print("Union (|):", set1 | set2)
# Intersection
print("Intersection:", set1.intersection(set2))
print("Intersection (&):", set1 & set2)
# Difference
print("Difference (set1 - set2):", set1.difference(set2))
print("Difference (set2 - set1):", set2 - set1)
# Symmetric Difference
print("Symmetric Difference:", set1.symmetric_difference(set2))
print("Symmetric Difference (^):", set1 ^ set2)
print("-" * 50)
# Subset, Superset, Disjoint
setA = {"Audi", "BMW"}
setB = {"Audi", "BMW", "Tesla", "Toyota"}
print("setA is subset of setB?", setA.issubset(setB))
print("setB is superset of setA?", setB.issuperset(setA))
print("set1 and set2 are disjoint?", set1.isdisjoint({"Hyundai", "Kia"}))
print("-" * 50)
# Copy set
set_copy = set1.copy()
print("Copied set:", set_copy)
# Frozenset (immutable set)
frozen = frozenset(["Volvo", "Mini", "Kia"])
print("Frozenset:", frozen)
print("-" * 50)
# Using set() constructor
numbers = set([1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5]) # duplicates removed
print("Numbers set:", numbers)
Program to demonstrate Arithmetic Operators in Python
# Taking input
a = int(input("Enter first number (a): "))
b = int(input("Enter second number (b): "))
print("\nArithmetic Operations:")
print("-" * 40)
print("Addition (a + b):", a + b)
print("Subtraction (a - b):", a - b)
print("Multiplication (a * b):", a * b)
print("Division (a / b):", a / b)
print("Floor Division (a // b):", a // b)
print("Modulus (a % b):", a % b)
print("Exponentiation (a ** b):", a ** b)
Program to demonstrate Relational Operators in Python
# Taking input
a = int(input("Enter first number (a): "))
b = int(input("Enter second number (b): "))
print("\nRelational Operations:")
print("-" * 40)
print("a == b :", a == b)
print("a != b :", a != b)
print("a > b :", a > b)
print("a < b :", a < b)
print("a >= b :", a >= b)
print("a <= b :", a <= b)
Program to demonstrate Assignment Operators in Python
# Assigning value
a = int(input("Enter a number: "))
print("\nInitial value of a:", a)
print("-" * 40)
# Simple assignment
b = a
print("Assignment (=): b =", b)
a += 5
print("Add and assign (a += 5):", a)
a -= 3
print("Subtract and assign (a -= 3):", a)
a *= 2
print("Multiply and assign (a *= 2):", a)
a /= 4
print("Divide and assign (a /= 4):", a)
a //= 2
print("Floor divide and assign (a //= 2):", a)
a %= 3
print("Modulus and assign (a %= 3):", a)
a **= 4
print("Exponent and assign (a **= 4):", a)
Program to demonstrate Logical Operators in Python
# Taking input
a = int(input("Enter first number (a): "))
b = int(input("Enter second number (b): "))
print("\nLogical Operations:")
print("-" * 40)
print("a > 5 and b > 5 :", a > 5 and b > 5)
print("a > 5 or b > 5 :", a > 5 or b > 5)
print("not(a > 5) :", not (a > 5))
print("not(b > 5) :", not (b > 5))
Program to demonstrate Bitwise Operators in Python
# Taking input
a = int(input("Enter first number (a): "))
b = int(input("Enter second number (b): "))
print("\nBitwise Operations:")
print("-" * 50)
print("a & b =", a & b, " (Binary:", bin(a & b), ")")
print("a | b =", a | b, " (Binary:", bin(a | b), ")")
print("a ^ b =", a ^ b, " (Binary:", bin(a ^ b), ")")
print("~a =", ~a, " (Binary:", bin(~a), ")")
print("~b =", ~b, " (Binary:", bin(~b), ")")
print("a << 1 =", a << 1, " (Binary:", bin(a << 1), ")")
print("a >> 1 =", a >> 1, " (Binary:", bin(a >> 1), ")")
Program to demonstrate Membership Operators in Python
# String example
text = "Python Programming"
print("\nString Membership:")
print("-" * 40)
print("'Python' in text :", "Python" in text)
print("'Java' in text :", "Java" in text)
print("'Coding' not in text :", "Coding" not in text)
# List example
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
print("\nList Membership:")
print("-" * 40)
print("20 in numbers :", 20 in numbers)
print("60 in numbers :", 60 in numbers)
print("70 not in numbers :", 70 not in numbers)
# Tuple example
fruits = ("apple", "banana", "mango")
print("\nTuple Membership:")
print("-" * 40)
print("'apple' in fruits :", "apple" in fruits)
print("'grapes' not in fruits :", "grapes" not in fruits)
# Set example
colors = {"red", "green", "blue"}
print("\nSet Membership:")
print("-" * 40)
print("'red' in colors :", "red" in colors)
print("'yellow' in colors :", "yellow" in colors)
# Dictionary example (membership works on KEYS only)
student = {"id": 101, "name": "Rahul", "course": "Python"}
print("\nDictionary Membership:")
print("-" * 40)
print("'id' in student :", "id" in student)
print("'age' not in student :", "age" not in student)
print("'Rahul' in student :", "Rahul" in student) # False because values are not checked by default
Program to demonstrate Identity Operators in Python
print("\nIdentity Operators Example")
print("-" * 50)
# Case 1: Numbers (small integers are cached in Python)
a = 10
b = 10
c = 20
print("a =", a, ", b =", b, ", c =", c)
print("a is b :", a is b) # True (same memory location, cached)
print("a is c :", a is c) # False
print("a is not c :", a is not c) # True
# Case 2: Strings (short strings may be cached)
x = "Python"
y = "Python"
z = "Java"
print("\nStrings:")
print("x =", x, ", y =", y, ", z =", z)
print("x is y :", x is y) # True (string interning)
print("x is z :", x is z) # False
print("x is not z :", x is not z) # True
# Case 3: Lists (mutable objects → different memory locations)
list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = [1, 2, 3]
list3 = list1 # Both refer to the same list
print("\nLists:")
print("list1 =", list1)
print("list2 =", list2)
print("list3 =", list3)
print("list1 is list2 :", list1 is list2) # False (different memory locations)
print("list1 is list3 :", list1 is list3) # True (same object reference)
print("list2 is not list3 :", list2 is not list3) # True
# Extra: Check memory addresses
print("\nMemory Locations (id function):")
print("id(list1) =", id(list1))
print("id(list2) =", id(list2))
print("id(list3) =", id(list3))
Program to check the number is positive
number = int(input('Enter a number: '))
# check if number is greater than 0
if number > 0:
print(f'{number} is a positive number.')
print('A statement outside the if statement.')
Program to check voting eligibility with name
# Taking input from user
name = input("Enter your name: ")
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
# Checking eligibility
if age >= 18:
print("✅ Hi", name + ", you are eligible to vote.")
else:
print("❌ Hi", name + ", you are not eligible to vote. Please wait until you are 18.")
Program to display grade based on marks
# Taking marks input
marks = int(input("Enter your marks: "))
# Checking grade using if-elif
if marks >= 90:
print("Grade: A+ (Excellent)")
elif marks >= 75:
print("Grade: A (Very Good)")
elif marks >= 60:
print("Grade: B (Good)")
elif marks >= 45:
print("Grade: C (Average)")
elif marks >= 33:
print("Grade: D (Pass)")
else:
print("Grade: F (Fail)")
Food Menu Program using if-elif
print("🍔 Welcome to Python Cafe 🍕")
print("Please choose an item from the menu:")
print("1. Burger - Rs. 100")
print("2. Pizza - Rs. 200")
print("3. Sandwich - Rs. 50")
print("4. Coffee - Rs. 30")
# Taking user choice
choice = int(input("Enter your choice (1-4): "))
# Checking menu using if-elif
if choice == 1:
print("You selected Burger. Please pay Rs. 100.")
elif choice == 2:
print("You selected Pizza. Please pay Rs. 200.")
elif choice == 3:
print("You selected Sandwich. Please pay Rs. 50.")
elif choice == 4:
print("You selected Coffee. Please pay Rs. 30.")
else:
print("❌ Invalid choice! Please select from 1 to 4.")
Advanced ATM Program with Account Details & ATM Slip
# Account Information
account_holder = "Saubhagya Das"
account_number = "1234567890"
bank_name = "Python Bank"
# Default PIN and balance
correct_pin = 1234
balance = 5000
transactions = [] # store mini statement
# Step 1: PIN Verification
pin = int(input("Enter your ATM PIN: "))
if pin == correct_pin:
print(f"✅ Welcome {account_holder} to {bank_name} ATM!")
while True:
# Display Menu
print("\n===== ATM MENU =====")
print("1. Check Balance")
print("2. Deposit Money")
print("3. Withdraw Money")
print("4. Change PIN")
print("5. Mini Statement (ATM Slip)")
print("6. Exit")
choice = int(input("Enter your choice (1-6): "))
# Option 1: Check Balance
if choice == 1:
print("💰 Your Current Balance is:", balance)
# Option 2: Deposit
elif choice == 2:
deposit = int(input("Enter amount to deposit: "))
if deposit > 0:
balance += deposit
transactions.append(f"Deposited: Rs.{deposit}")
print("✅ Successfully Deposited:", deposit)
print("💰 Updated Balance:", balance)
else:
print("❌ Invalid Deposit Amount!")
# Option 3: Withdraw
elif choice == 3:
withdraw = int(input("Enter amount to withdraw: "))
if withdraw <= balance:
if withdraw % 100 == 0: # ATM only gives multiples of 100
balance -= withdraw
transactions.append(f"Withdrawn: Rs.{withdraw}")
print("💵 Please collect your cash:", withdraw)
print("💰 Remaining Balance:", balance)
else:
print("❌ Enter amount in multiples of 100!")
else:
print("❌ Insufficient Balance! Your balance is:", balance)
# Option 4: Change PIN
elif choice == 4:
old_pin = int(input("Enter your current PIN: "))
if old_pin == correct_pin:
new_pin = int(input("Enter your new PIN: "))
confirm_pin = int(input("Confirm your new PIN: "))
if new_pin == confirm_pin:
correct_pin = new_pin
print("✅ PIN successfully changed!")
else:
print("❌ PINs do not match. Try again!")
else:
print("❌ Incorrect current PIN!")
# Option 5: Mini Statement (ATM Slip Style)
elif choice == 5:
print("\n===================================")
print(f"🏦 {bank_name}")
print("-----------------------------------")
print(f"Account Holder : {account_holder}")
print(f"Account Number : XXXX{account_number[-4:]}") # hide digits
print("-----------------------------------")
print("📜 Last Transactions:")
if len(transactions) == 0:
print("No transactions yet.")
else:
for t in transactions[-5:]: # Show last 5 transactions
print("-", t)
print("-----------------------------------")
print("💰 Current Balance:", balance)
print("===================================")
# Option 6: Exit
elif choice == 6:
print("\n🙏 Thank you for using", bank_name, "ATM. Goodbye!")
break
else:
print("❌ Invalid choice! Please select between 1-6.")
else:
print("❌ Invalid PIN! Access Denied.")
While loop example: Print numbers from 1 to 10
i = 1 # initialization
while i <= 10: # condition
print("Number:", i)
i += 1 # increment
Factorial of a number using while loop
# Taking input
n = int(input("Enter a number: "))
fact = 1 # store factorial
i = 1 # initialization
while i <= n: # condition
fact *= i # multiply
i += 1 # increment
print("Factorial of", n, "is:", fact)
Reverse of a number using while loop
# Taking input
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
rev = 0 # to store reversed number
while num > 0:
digit = num % 10 # get last digit
rev = (rev * 10) + digit # build reverse
num //= 10 # remove last digit
print("Reverse of the number is:", rev)
Armstrong numbers in a given range using while loop
# Taking input
start = int(input("Enter the starting number: "))
end = int(input("Enter the ending number: "))
print("✅ Armstrong numbers between", start, "and", end, "are:")
num = start
while num <= end:
original = num
result = 0
digits = len(str(num)) # number of digits
temp = num
while temp > 0:
digit = temp % 10
result += digit ** digits
temp //= 10
if original == result:
print(original, end=" ")
num += 1
Print numbers from 1 to 10 using for loop
for i in range(1, 11): # range(start, end) → end is excluded
print(i)
Print even and odd numbers using for loop
# Even numbers from 1 to 20
print("Even Numbers:")
for i in range(1, 21):
if i % 2 == 0:
print(i, end=" ")
print("\n") # new line
# Odd numbers from 1 to 20
print("Odd Numbers:")
for i in range(1, 21):
if i % 2 != 0:
print(i, end=" ")
Nested for loop to print a star pattern
rows = int(input("Enter number of rows: "))
for i in range(1, rows + 1): # outer loop for rows
for j in range(1, i + 1): # inner loop for columns
print("*", end=" ") # print star in same line
print() # move to next line
Pyramid star pattern using nested for loop
rows = int(input("Enter number of rows: "))
for i in range(1, rows + 1): # outer loop for rows
# print spaces (to center align stars)
for j in range(rows - i):
print(" ", end=" ")
# print stars
for k in range(2 * i - 1):
print("*", end=" ")
print() # move to next line
Reverse pyramid star pattern using nested for loop
rows = int(input("Enter number of rows: "))
for i in range(rows, 0, -1): # outer loop (from rows to 1)
# print spaces (to center align)
for j in range(rows - i):
print(" ", end=" ")
# print stars
for k in range(2 * i - 1):
print("*", end=" ")
print() # move to next line
Calculator with loop and functions
# Functions
def add(a, b): return a + b
def subtract(a, b): return a - b
def multiply(a, b): return a * b
def divide(a, b): return a / b if b != 0 else "❌ Cannot divide by zero"
# Main Program
while True:
print("\n===== Calculator =====")
print("1. Add")
print("2. Subtract")
print("3. Multiply")
print("4. Divide")
print("5. Exit")
choice = int(input("Enter your choice (1-5): "))
if choice == 5:
print("🙏 Thank you for using the Calculator!")
break
x = float(input("Enter first number: "))
y = float(input("Enter second number: "))
if choice == 1:
print("✅ Result =", add(x, y))
elif choice == 2:
print("✅ Result =", subtract(x, y))
elif choice == 3:
print("✅ Result =", multiply(x, y))
elif choice == 4:
print("✅ Result =", divide(x, y))
else:
print("❌ Invalid choice! Try again.")
Python Program: Call by Value vs Call by Reference
# Call by Value Example (Immutable types)
def change_number(n):
print("Inside function before change:", n)
n = n + 10 # modify
print("Inside function after change:", n)
# Call by Reference Example (Mutable types)
def change_list(mylist):
print("Inside function before change:", mylist)
mylist.append(100) # modify original list
print("Inside function after change:", mylist)
# Main Program
# Immutable Example
num = 50
print("Original number before function call:", num)
change_number(num)
print("Original number after function call:", num)
print("\n----------------------------\n")
# Mutable Example
lst = [10, 20, 30]
print("Original list before function call:", lst)
change_list(lst)
print("Original list after function call:", lst)
Function with required arguments
def shopping_bill(item, price, quantity):
total = price * quantity
print(f"🛒 Item: {item}")
print(f"💰 Price per unit: ₹{price}")
print(f"📦 Quantity: {quantity}")
print(f"✅ Total Bill = ₹{total}\n")
# Main Program
print("=== Online Shopping Bill ===")
# Customer 1
shopping_bill("Laptop", 50000, 1)
# Customer 2
shopping_bill("Headphones", 1500, 2)
# Customer 3
shopping_bill("Shoes", 2000, 3)
Function to calculate total bill with default GST and tip
def calculate_bill(amount, gst=5, tip=10):
gst_amount = (gst / 100) * amount
tip_amount = (tip / 100) * amount
total = amount + gst_amount + tip_amount
return total
# Main Program
print("=== Restaurant Bill Calculator ===")
bill1 = calculate_bill(1000, 12, 15) # user gives GST=12% and Tip=15%
bill2 = calculate_bill(2000, 18) # user gives GST=18%, default Tip=10%
bill3 = calculate_bill(1500) # uses default GST=5% and Tip=10%
print("Customer 1 Total Bill = ₹", bill1)
print("Customer 2 Total Bill = ₹", bill2)
print("Customer 3 Total Bill = ₹", bill3)
Function using keyword arguments
def book_ticket(name, destination, price):
print("✈️ Flight Ticket Booking")
print(f"👤 Passenger Name: {name}")
print(f"📍 Destination: {destination}")
print(f"💰 Ticket Price: ₹{price}\n")
# Main Program
print("=== Flight Booking System ===")
# Using keyword arguments (order can be changed)
book_ticket(name="Rohit", destination="Delhi", price=5000)
book_ticket(price=7500, name="Anita", destination="Mumbai")
book_ticket(destination="Bengaluru", price=6500, name="Saubhagya")
Function using variable-length arguments
def restaurant_bill(customer_name, *items, **charges):
print(f"🧾 Bill for {customer_name}")
total = 0
print("\nOrdered Items:")
for item in items:
print(f"🍴 {item[0]} - ₹{item[1]} x {item[2]}")
total += item[1] * item[2] # price * quantity
# Apply extra charges (kwargs)
for key, value in charges.items():
print(f"{key} : {value}%")
total += (value / 100) * total
print(f"\n✅ Final Bill Amount = ₹{round(total, 2)}\n")
# Main Program
print("=== Restaurant Billing System ===")
# Customer 1 (no extra charges, only items)
restaurant_bill("Rohit", ("Pizza", 250, 2), ("Pasta", 150, 1))
# Customer 2 (with GST and Tip)
restaurant_bill("Anita", ("Burger", 120, 2), ("Coke", 50, 3), GST=5, Tip=10)
# Customer 3 (multiple items + GST only)
restaurant_bill("Saubhagya", ("Thali", 200, 2), ("IceCream", 80, 2), GST=12)
Lambda function to calculate discounted price
discount = lambda price: price - (price * 0.10)
# Real-world usage: Shopping items
items = {
"Shoes": 2000,
"Shirt": 1200,
"Jeans": 2500,
"Watch": 3000
}
print("=== Shopping Bill with 10% Discount ===")
for item, price in items.items():
final_price = discount(price)
print(f"{item}: Original ₹{price} -> After Discount ₹{final_price}")
Banking System Example using map() + filter() + reduce() with lambda.
from functools import reduce
# Bank accounts with customer name and balance
accounts = {
"Ganesh": 8500,
"Satya": 15000,
"Saraswati": 12000,
"Priya": 9500,
"Jyoti": 20000
}
print("=== Original Bank Accounts ===")
for name, balance in accounts.items():
print(f"{name}: ₹{balance}")
# 1. Apply 5% annual interest using map + lambda
updated_accounts = dict(
map(lambda acc: (acc[0], acc[1] + (acc[1] * 0.05)), accounts.items())
)
print("\n=== After Adding 5% Interest ===")
for name, balance in updated_accounts.items():
print(f"{name}: ₹{balance:.2f}")
# 2. Filter accounts with balance >= 10000
eligible_accounts = dict(filter(lambda acc: acc[1] >= 10000, updated_accounts.items()))
print("\n=== Eligible Accounts (Balance ≥ ₹10,000) ===")
for name, balance in eligible_accounts.items():
print(f"{name}: ₹{balance:.2f}")
# 3. Calculate total money in the bank using reduce + lambda
total_balance = reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, eligible_accounts.values())
print("\n=== Bank Report ===")
print(f"Total Money from Eligible Accounts: ₹{total_balance:.2f}")
Student File Program
# Step 1: Write data to a file
with open("students.txt", "w") as file:
file.write("Ganesh\n")
file.write("Satya\n")
file.write("Saraswati\n")
file.write("Priya\n")
file.write("Jyoti\n")
print("✅ Data written to file successfully!")
# Step 2: Read data from the file
with open("students.txt", "r") as file:
print("\n=== Reading File Content ===")
content = file.read()
print(content)
# Step 3: Append more data to the file
with open("students.txt", "a") as file:
file.write("New Student: Ramesh\n")
print("✅ Data appended successfully!")
# Step 4: Read again after appending
with open("students.txt", "r") as file:
print("\n=== File Content After Appending ===")
print(file.read())
Student Marks File
# Step 1: Write student marks to a file
with open("student_marks.txt", "w") as file:
file.write("Ganesh: 85\n")
file.write("Satya: 72\n")
file.write("Saraswati: 90\n")
file.write("Priya: 65\n")
file.write("Jyoti: 78\n")
print("✅ Student marks written to file successfully!")
# Step 2: Read and display marks
print("\n=== Student Marks Report ===")
with open("student_marks.txt", "r") as file:
for line in file:
name, marks = line.strip().split(":")
print(f"👩🎓 {name} scored {marks.strip()} marks")
# Step 3: Append new student marks
with open("student_marks.txt", "a") as file:
file.write("Ramesh: 82\n")
print("\n✅ New student marks appended successfully!")
# Step 4: Display updated file content
print("\n=== Updated Student Marks Report ===")
with open("student_marks.txt", "r") as file:
print(file.read())
Menu-Driven Student Management System
# Student Management System using File Handling
FILENAME = "students_db.txt"
# Function to add a new student
def add_student():
name = input("Enter Student Name: ")
age = input("Enter Age: ")
course = input("Enter Course: ")
with open(FILENAME, "a") as file:
file.write(f"Name: {name}, Age: {age}, Course: {course}\n")
print("✅ Student record added successfully!\n")
# Function to display all students
def display_students():
try:
with open(FILENAME, "r") as file:
data = file.read()
if data.strip() == "":
print("⚠ No student records found.\n")
else:
print("\n=== Student Records ===")
print(data)
except FileNotFoundError:
print("⚠ No records found! Please add students first.\n")
# Function to search a student by name
def search_student():
search_name = input("Enter name to search: ").strip()
found = False
try:
with open(FILENAME, "r") as file:
for line in file:
if search_name.lower() in line.lower():
print("🔍 Found:", line.strip())
found = True
if not found:
print("❌ Student not found.\n")
except FileNotFoundError:
print("⚠ No records found! Please add students first.\n")
# Main menu
while True:
print("===== Student Management System =====")
print("1. Add Student")
print("2. Display All Students")
print("3. Search Student")
print("4. Exit")
choice = input("Enter your choice (1-4): ")
if choice == "1":
add_student()
elif choice == "2":
display_students()
elif choice == "3":
search_student()
elif choice == "4":
print("👋 Exiting program. Goodbye!")
break
else:
print("⚠ Invalid choice! Please try again.\n")
Library Management System using File Handling
FILENAME = "library.txt"
# Function to add a new book
def add_book():
book_id = input("Enter Book ID: ")
title = input("Enter Book Title: ")
author = input("Enter Author Name: ")
status = "Available"
with open(FILENAME, "a") as file:
file.write(f"ID: {book_id}, Title: {title}, Author: {author}, Status: {status}\n")
print("✅ Book added successfully!\n")
# Function to display all books
def display_books():
try:
with open(FILENAME, "r") as file:
data = file.read()
if data.strip() == "":
print("⚠ No books found in the library.\n")
else:
print("\n=== Library Books ===")
print(data)
except FileNotFoundError:
print("⚠ No records found! Please add books first.\n")
# Function to search for a book
def search_book():
search_title = input("Enter book title to search: ").strip()
found = False
try:
with open(FILENAME, "r") as file:
for line in file:
if search_title.lower() in line.lower():
print("🔍 Found:", line.strip())
found = True
if not found:
print("❌ Book not found.\n")
except FileNotFoundError:
print("⚠ No records found! Please add books first.\n")
# Function to borrow a book
def borrow_book():
borrow_title = input("Enter book title to borrow: ").strip()
found = False
try:
with open(FILENAME, "r") as file:
lines = file.readlines()
with open(FILENAME, "w") as file:
for line in lines:
if borrow_title.lower() in line.lower() and "Available" in line:
updated = line.replace("Available", "Borrowed")
file.write(updated)
found = True
else:
file.write(line)
if found:
print(f"📚 You borrowed '{borrow_title}'.\n")
else:
print("❌ Book not available or not found.\n")
except FileNotFoundError:
print("⚠ No records found! Please add books first.\n")
# Function to return a book
def return_book():
return_title = input("Enter book title to return: ").strip()
found = False
try:
with open(FILENAME, "r") as file:
lines = file.readlines()
with open(FILENAME, "w") as file:
for line in lines:
if return_title.lower() in line.lower() and "Borrowed" in line:
updated = line.replace("Borrowed", "Available")
file.write(updated)
found = True
else:
file.write(line)
if found:
print(f"✅ You returned '{return_title}'.\n")
else:
print("❌ Book not found or was not borrowed.\n")
except FileNotFoundError:
print("⚠ No records found! Please add books first.\n")
# Main menu
while True:
print("===== Library Management System =====")
print("1. Add Book")
print("2. Display All Books")
print("3. Search Book")
print("4. Borrow Book")
print("5. Return Book")
print("6. Exit")
choice = input("Enter your choice (1-6): ")
if choice == "1":
add_book()
elif choice == "2":
display_books()
elif choice == "3":
search_book()
elif choice == "4":
borrow_book()
elif choice == "5":
return_book()
elif choice == "6":
print("👋 Exiting Library System. Goodbye!")
break
else:
print("⚠ Invalid choice! Please try again.\n")
Phone Number Validator (India)
import re
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import messagebox
def live_validate(*args):
number = phone_var.get()
cleaned = re.sub(r"[^\d+]", "", number)
pattern = r"^(?:\+91|91)?[6-9]\d{0,9}$"
if re.fullmatch(pattern, cleaned):
status_label.config(text="✔ Valid so far", fg="green")
else:
status_label.config(text="❌ Invalid format", fg="red")
def final_validate():
number = phone_var.get()
cleaned = re.sub(r"[^\d+]", "", number)
pattern = r"^(?:\+91|91)?[6-9]\d{9}$"
if re.fullmatch(pattern, cleaned):
messagebox.showinfo("Result", "✔ Valid Indian Mobile Number")
else:
messagebox.showerror("Result", "❌ Invalid Mobile Number")
# Tkinter GUI
app = tk.Tk()
app.title("Live Phone Number Validator")
app.geometry("400x200")
app.resizable(False, False)
title = tk.Label(app, text="Live Indian Phone Number Validator",
font=("Arial", 14, "bold"))
title.pack(pady=10)
phone_var = tk.StringVar()
phone_var.trace("w", live_validate)
entry = tk.Entry(app, textvariable=phone_var, font=("Arial", 12), width=30)
entry.pack(pady=5)
status_label = tk.Label(app, text="", font=("Arial", 12))
status_label.pack(pady=5)
btn = tk.Button(app, text="Validate", font=("Arial", 12, "bold"),
command=final_validate, bg="green", fg="white")
btn.pack(pady=10)
app.mainloop()
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